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Rise of new towns & trade: Expansion in agriculture was accompanied by growth in three related areas: population, trade and towns. From the fourteenth to the end of the seventeenth century, towns were growing in many countries of Europe. Decline of Feudalism: By the end of sixteenth century, feudalism began to decline paving the way for new order in the society. Crusades: The ‘Crusades’ against the Turks began as a religious war between Christians and Muslims. Italians managed to do business with Turks, but were now required to pay higher taxes on trade. The possibility that many more people could be brought into the fold of Christianity made many devout Christian Europeans ready to face adventure. Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks: In 1453 Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine ruler of Constantinople. In the late fourteenth century, long-distance trade declined, and then became difficult after the Turks conquered Constantinople. They no longer saw themselves as part of a powerful empire, but as independent city-states. From the twelfth century, as the Mongols opened up trade with China via the Silk Route and as trade with western European countries also increased, Italian towns played a central role. Contact of the East and the West: With the expansion of trade between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic countries, the ports on the Italian coast revived. Social, political and economic life of the people were deeply affected by Renaissance. Renaissance aroused the spirit of equality among the people and attacked on the superstitions and rituals prevailing in the society. They were scholar-diplomat-theologian-artist combined in one. The term ‘ Renaissance Man’ is often used to describe a person with many interests and skills, because many of the individuals who became well known at this time were people of many parts. It first began in Italy, followed by Rome, Venice and Florence. Renaissance meant revival of the ancient Greek and Latin culture. Italian universities were centres of legal studies. During the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries, a new humanist culture popularised the idea that man is an individual. 
The term ‘Renaissance’ literally means ‘rebirth’, this French word was first used by a Swiss scholar, Jacob Burckhardt, in 1860. From the nineteenth century, historians used the term ‘Renaissance’ to describe the phenomenon that mark this change of cultural traditions of the period. Significant changes took place in Europe from fourteenth to seventeenth centuries which influenced the cultural traditions of Europe. Ancient chinese abacus facts download#
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